Effect of Exchange Rate on Aggregate Demand Shocks

Effect of Exchange Rate on Aggregate Demand ShocksThe alternate count helps modify the economy from conglomeration crave impacts but it may need unsettlingly large changes to do so.This paper allow for examine the extent to which the exchange rate of a currency can be use to insulate an economy from aggregate lease shocks. First, it will define aggregate beg. Second, it will demeanor at the monetary implications of the aggregate demand reduce. Thirdly it will look define aggregate demand shocks and their effect on the aggregate demand curve. Fourthly, it will examine the ways in which the exchange rate can be used to reduce the impact of an aggregate demand shock. Finally, the question of whether using the exchange rate as a means of reducing the impact of an aggregate demand shock will be examined to determine whether it is a feasible strategy and whether the amounts necessary would be unsettling or not.Aggregate Demand (AD) refers to the total demand (d) in the economy (Y) for goods and services at a certain price level and at a certain time. AD in an economy is the sum up of all consumption (C), investment (I), government spending (G) and net exports (NX), where NX is equal to total exports (X) minus total imports (M). This can be represented mathematically as1Aggregate demand is represented by the AD curve, which will show the relationship between price levels and the quantity that producers are willing to provide at that price. The relationship between AD and price is normally negative, showing that the less people are willing to pay, the less firms will produce or, from the other betoken of view, the less firms charge, the much people will buy. Below is a simple AD curveIn the chart above, the AD curve is represented by a negatively sloped line. If prices (P) are lower, demand (Y) is greater.This negative relationship between price and demand has a number of important monetary consequences. It is unavoidable to briefly examine these prior to examining the relationship between exchange rate and aggregate demand.2Firstly, price levels (P) have a direct relationship to the very quantify of money. This is because as price levels (P) decrement, the purchasing power of consumers increments, meaning that the real value of the money they hold increases. Likewise, if P increases, consumers get less for the same money, or the real value of their money has diminishd. Therefore, P and the real value of money are inversely related to each other.3Secondly, fall downs in P cause an increase in the real concern rate. Interest rate, the price a borrower pays to borrow, or the return a lender receives for lending, can be expressed as a token(a) or real rate. The nominal rate is the amount that must be paid for borrowing, expressed solely in money terms. The real interest rate is the nominal rate adjusted to take account of inflation (p). Thus real interest rates are expressed by the following conventionThus, the higher p, th e lower the real interest rate. Therefore, any increase in inflation will mainly lead to pressure on the nominal interest rate to increase, to offset the deduction that will result from inflation. However, as we have seen above, price level decreases add to the real value of money, this is the same as dictum that they decrease inflation. A decrease in inflation will mean that real interest rates are now higher than they were before the decrease in inflation. Therefore, price level decreases raise real interest rates and cause pressure for interest rates to be reduced.4Thirdly, lower prices increase the world-wide competitiveness of the economy, and this should be reflected in increased international demand for the economys exports, cause a rise in net exports and thus in the aggregate demand.Now we will look at aggregate demand shocks. A demand shock is an event that is sudden and unexpected, and has the effect of measurably touching the demand for goods and services in the econ omy, either positively or negatively, for a temporary period of time.5 That is to say, the event shifts the AD curve, either to the right or to the left. A positive demand shock increases demand and shifts the curve to the right, resulting in higher prices. A negative demand shock decreases demand, shifts the curve to the left, and thus leads to a decrease in prices. Any number of events could constitute a demand shock, from an unexpected tax cut that increases consumer spending, to a dip in consumer confidence that decreases consumer spending. Likewise, an economic blow up in for example China could result in higher exports to China, increasing demand.The danger of an aggregate demand shock is that they are a cause of incertitude in the economy. Uncertainty makes it difficult for firms, government and consumers to budget properly and make the most effective investment and saving decisions. Both positive and negative demand shocks can be harmful, however, negative shocks are gener ally more feared. A negative demand shock, such as a drop in consumer spending, will lead to price decreases and the 2008 global financial crisis has been traced to such a demand shock in the US, which led to a fall in house prices, causing problems in the US subprime mortgage sector that then extended to the rest of the financial sector and wider economy. However, positive demand shocks, such as Chinas increased demand for raw materials to fuel its economic evolution have led to price increases in a number of important commodities that have in addition caused economic difficulties around the globe. Therefore, the consensus is that demand shocks of either type are dangerous and any means of dampening them available to governments are desirable.6So could exchange rates be used to dampen a demand shock? A brief look at the relationship between monetary factors and the demand curve will demonstrate that exchange rates can be used to affect the demand curve. Therefore, in a positive demand shock, exchange rates could be used to decrease demand and in a negative demand shock, exchange rates could be used to increase demand. The relationship between two currencies may be nominal (e), or it may be real (RER). The real exchange rate takes into account variances in price levels in the two economies. P represents price in the domestic economy and P* the price in the irrelevant economy.7The exchange rate can be used to increase or decrease the price of goods in the economy relative to other economies. This will in turn impact on the international demand for a countrys products. This will impact on the net export figure (NX). A higher exchange rate will decrease international demand and thus will pressure a demand curve towards the left. This could be used to temper a positive demand shock that had increased demand for goods and pressured the curve towards the right. Likewise, a lower exchange rate will increase international demand, increasing exports and shifting th e demand curve to the left. This could be used in the event of a negative demand shock to reduce the impact of the shock.8Basically, if any sector of demand changes rapidly, the government can set about to push exports in the opposite direction by making them more or less expensive. It is a simple idea and manipulating exports may be more desirable than manipulating other elements of demand, such as government spending, and may be easier to manipulate than, for example, consumer spending.Finally, the question must be asked, is the approach feasible? A key brim can quite easily impact on exchange rates by trading in its own currency. Buying will increase the exchange rate and selling will decrease the exchange rate.However, in order to move a currency value significantly, a central bank would be required to buy or sell a significant amount of a currency. So what constitutes a significant amount in the foreign exchange market? The global currency market is the largest and most liqu id asset class in the world. The accepted size of this market in 2007 was generally put at about two trillion dollars a day. That would make it ten to fifteen clock the size of the bond market and fifty times the size of the equities market. That means on a normal trading day, two trillion dollars passes hands. It would take an enormous amount of selling or buying by a central bank to make a dent in this market. A central bank that stepped in to buy or sell a couple of billion dollars worth of their currency would barely be noticed on the market, especially for the major currencies. And the question arises, how would a government fund such an intervention?It is also estimated that about 85 to 90 percent of the forex market is made up of speculators, meaning that attempts to manipulate exchange rates would be penetrable to massive speculator bets which would have the power to undo any effect a government had on price movements.9 Also, given the side effects of exchange rate changes , such as the relationship of the exchange rate to inflation, it is likely that the cost of moving the exchange rate, just to get the indirect benefit of neutering net exports, would outweigh the benefit.10Therefore, it is concluded here that while exchange rates could be manipulated to insulate the economy from aggregate demand shocks, it amount of intervention required would be too large to justify the measure.BibliographyDutt Ros, Aggregate demand shocks and economic growth, Struct.C.Ec.Dy 18 (2007) 75-99Hargreaves-Heap, S.P., 1980. 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Journal of Economic Perspectives 14 (Spring (2)), 149169Tobin, (1975) Keynesian Models of Recession and Depression, Am. Ec. Rev. 65, 195-202Footnotes1 Krugman Obstfeld, (2005) International Economics Theory and Policy, 6th ed., Pearson London2 Krugman, (1998) The Age of Diminishing Expectation, MIT Press Cambridge MA.3 Dutt Ros, Aggregate demand shocks and economic growth, Struct.C.Ec.Dy 18 (2007) 75-994 Krugman, (1987) The narrowing band, the Dutch disease and the competitiveness consequence s of Mrs. Thatcher, Notes of Trade in the Presence of Dynamic Scale Economies, Journal of Development Economics (Oct) 1987 p. 3215 Tobin, (1975) Keynesian Models of Recession and Depression, Am. Ec. Rev. 65, 195-2026 Perron, P., 1989. The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock, and the Unit Root Hypothesis. Econometrica 57, 136114017 Romer, D., 1996. Advanced Macroeconomics. McGraw Hill New York.8 Romer, D., 2000. Keynesian macroeconomics without the LM curve. Journal of Economic Perspectives 14 (Spring (2)), 1491699 Li, X.M., 2000. The Great leap Forward, economic reforms, and the unit root hypothesis testing for breaking trend functions in Chinas GDP data. Journal of Comparative Economics 28 (4), 81482710 Hargreaves-Heap, S.P., 1980. Choosing the wrong natural rate accelerating ination or decelerating employment and growth? Economic Journal 90, 239253