Cicero Essay -- History

CiceroBorn Marcus Tullius Cicero in Arpinum (Italy) in 106 BC, he became a writer, statesman, orator and philosopher. He loved politics and he wrote only when he could not calveicipate in government. He had a motto which he constantly strived for to always be the best and over top the rest. Cicero had a lavishly political career in Rome for that time as winning elections were almost always exclusively controlled by a group of wealthy dark families. Ciceros family was not one of them. Lacking this advantage there were essentially only two career options open to him a military career, he was no soldier and hated war, or a career in law. He prepared for this by studying jurisprudence, rhetoric and philosophy. Then he began taking part in legal cases could lead to a career in law and did lead to political success. He proved to be excellent orator and lawyer and a shrewd politician. He was elected to each of the principal Roman offices on his first try at the earliest legal age and was instantaneously a member of the Roman senate but could only offer advice. Advice that would almost always be followed. But the Roman government was not a commonwealth but more of an oligarchy with only a few men wielding all economic and political power. During his term as consul in 63BC he was responsible for exposing the junto of Catiline. Catiline was a plan to take over the Roman state by force. Cicero had the five conspirators put to death without trial. He became proud of this as...

Othello: Summary :: essays research papers

Othello Summary*Othello is a tense, closely-knit play, with an ever-increasing emotionalscene. The character Iago, Othellos ancient, is the cause of all the tragedywhich comes to pass as the play progresses. He is a manipulator, opposingOthello not directly, but through opposite characters whom he tricks. From hisactions throughout the play one sees that Iago was gifted at using other people,to tho his own schemes. *Act One, Scene One is the most important because itforeshadows the whole drama. Iago gives the reader warning that he is not allthat he seems when he says, "I am not what I am" (I,i). He appears to helpRoderigo, a suitor to Desdemona, who has run off with Othello, the Moorishgeneral of the Venetian army. Iago hates Othello for another reason. or elseof choosing him to be his lieutenant, Othello chose Cassio. In the end of scene,Iago and Roderigo have informed Brabantio or so his daughters elopement. Thenthey went to confront Othello with this situation.*At th e beginning of Scene Two of Act One, Iago gives advice to Othello and letshim know what is about to happen. Shortly after their talk Brabantio confrontsOthello about stealing his daughter. Then they all went and saw the Duke.Othello defends himself and asks if Desdemona can testify on the behalf of him.Othello tells how that the only "witchcraft" he use were his stories, and howBrabantio used to invite him up to tell them. Finally, Brabantio disownsDesdemona and she goes to be with Othello.*Near the end of the first scene of the second act, Iago convinces Roderigo, whowas observing Cassios enthusiastic greeting of Desdemona, that Cassio andDesdemona have something vent on between them. Thus manipulating Roderigothrough his passion for Desdemona, Iago convinces him to provoke Cassio to anger,so that the lieutenant will be discredited in Othellos eyes and Iago can recordhis position.*In Act II, Scene III, I ago tricks into a drink, knowing that he has a lowtolerance for alco hol, making it easier for Roderigo to provoke him to fight.Cassio departs the scene, and Iago starts to insinuate to the other soldiers isa bit of a lush. Cassio soon, returns, chasing Roderigo, and when his comradesattempt to restrain him, he strikes at them as well. When Othello arrives onthe scene, Iago attracts it seem that he doesnt want to discredit Cassio, but hisinsinuations make Othello discharge his lieutenant. However, as soon as Othellois gone, he goes to Cassio as a helpful friend.

Does the movie THE PASSION bring about anti semitism Essay -- essays r

The Passion of the Christ, by Mel Gibson has taken America by storm. In the US alone, it made $83,848,082 its low weekend. As of April 25, 2004 it has grossed cosmoswide over $364 billion. Not bad for a pictorial matter with a budget of $30 million. The movie is subject to a lot of criticism. battalion be worried about many things. Are the images depicted correct? Is it too gory? What will peoples reaction be? ordain any demographic of people get hurt from the movie? A Catholic teacher from California was fired for offering students extra credit to exit the Passion. (It is a rated R movie) There are many other problems too. Does The Passion bring about acts of antisemitism? This will be the purpose of this paper.To reception this question, I conducted a simple experiment with different variable. The first variable is age. The second is location. I interviewed sixteen people, (eight women and eight men) and asked them the same questions. Four males and females are from the Bin ghamton area, and four males and females are from the Long Island area.I grouped the ages from 18-25, 25-35, 35-55, and 55 and on. I asked each person their faith/religion. I originally asked more than 16 people, further people who refused to answer the question or people of no faith were thrown out. I conducted the experiments at Loews Town Square 9, located at 2425 Vestal Parkway, Binghamton, and Loews Roosevelt Raceway, located at 1025 Corporate Drive in Westbury, Long Island. I asked each person six question. The results followSexMaleAge Group18-25Location Binghamtonorganized religion/FaithChristianExtra Pertinent InformationVery religious. Attends services regularly.Thoughts before movieExcited to see a religious movie. Would you consider yourself an rough or easily agitated person?Not really. Pretty laid back.Do you consider yourself a religious person?Yes. Definitely.Do you think the movie will make people angry at th... ...s of the experiment are clear. One hundred percen t of people showed aggression towards the Jews, after all but two claimed to not have an aggressive personality. Just look at message boards posted throughout the internet, or just talk to people. The aggression is there. And unfortunately, Mel Gibsons movie is causing hostile acts. I did not see the movie until the experiment was complete, in order to keep this experiment unbiased. I think that the anti-semitism in the movie was extraordinarily clear. I actually think it is totally contrary to the Catholic doctrine. Another thing is the history of the Gibson family. Mels father, Hutton, is an open anti-semite, final solution denier, and accuses the current pope of being Jewish. When a person grows up in a household learning that, it stays with the person. I can prove this with other experiment. Kids who grow up getting physically abused, are usually abusive parents themselves. In conclusion, the movie does cause anti-semitism and anti-semitic acts. The evidence is clear from the e xperiment. Hopefully, the world can get through this without any incidents.

Turing: Concept of Computation :: Computers Computational Systems Papers

Turing Concept of ComputationTurings analysis of the concept of computation is indisputably the foundation of computationalism, which is, in turn, the foundation of cognitive science. What is disputed is whether computationalism is explanatorily bankrupt. For Turing, on the whole computers are digital computers and something becomes a (digital) computer just in case its conduct is interpreted as implementing, executing, or satisfying some (mathematical) function f. As computer label a nonnatural kind, almost everyone agrees that a computational interpretation of this sort is necessary for something to be a computer. But because everything in the universe satisfies at least(prenominal) one (mathematical) function, it is the adequacy of such interpretations that is the problem. If, as anticomputationalists are fond of pointing out, computationalists are wedded to the view that a computational interpretation is sufficient for something to be a computer, then everything becomes a dig ital computer. This not only renders computer-talk vacuous, it strips computationalism of any empirical or explanatory import. My aim is to defend computationalism against charges that it is explanatorily bankrupt. I reexamine several wakeless questions about computers. One effect of this computation-related soul-searching will be a framework within which Is the brain a computer? will be meaningful. other effect will be a fracture in the supposed link between computationalism and symbolic-digital processing. If the pattern by which to measure the explanatory value of a view were its revolutionary character, then Turings (1936) analysis of the concept of computation would be highly valued indeed. Whereas the science of mind was once dominated by behaviorists, at present it is dominated by computationalists. For computationalists, the mind/brain is a computer. As computationalists came to shoulder the burden for explaining how the mind/brain works, Turings analysis of what counts as a computer became the standard by which to justify empirical claims about whether something is a computer. According to Turing, all computers are digital computers and something becomes a (digital) computer just in case its behavior is interpreted as implementing, executing, or satisfying some (mathematical) function f. Because Turings analysis is considered the foundation of computationalism, which, in turn, is the foundation of cognitive science, there can be no doubt that Turings analysis has revolutionized the scientific study of the mind/brain. That much is not in dispute. What is, rather, is whether computationalism is explanatorily bankrupt.Although attacks against computationalism come in a variety of flavors, what bridles Searle (1990) and other anticomputationalists the most is the sufficiency of Turings analysis of what counts as a computer.

Arby Essay -- essays papers

Arby James Joyces use of ghostlike imagery and religious symbols in Araby is compelling. That the story is concerned somehow with religion is obvious, but the particulars ar vague, and its message becomes all the more interesting when Joyce begins to mingle romantic attraction with divine love. Araby is a story about both wordly love and religious devotion, and its supernatural mix of symbols and images details the relationship--sometimes peaceful, sometimes tumultuos--between the two. In this essay, I will examine a few key moments in the story and argue that Joyces narrator is eventually unable to resolve the differences between them. While the storys concern with religion seems to speak for itself, a few biographical details bout Joyces own youth and his religious background help inform any reading of Araby. We know that he was both drawn to and repulsed by the Catholic church in Ireland, and that just before taking orders, he opted to give up a life in the church an d chose instead to devote himself to writing fiction. In the end, Joyce see the church as something confining, something that imposed rules rather than freeing a creative spirit. As a writer radically inclined to break the rules even of fiction, the rules of the church were too complete(a) for him. We also know that Joyce was a very sensual person who wanted nothing to do with celibacy or abstinance his youthful marauding in the brothels of capital of Ireland suggests that the churchs proscriptions of sexual, or even romantic, activity were also too much for him. Some of these issues show up early on in the story Araby. To begin with, the narrator--the instance of a young Joyce, surely, if not entirely autobiographical--lives in a house whose former t... ...r, the boy has an epiphany--a sudden realization--while in the baazar gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity (44). Ordinarily, epiphanies are religious moments characterized b y a sudden seeing of the light. Here, however, the boy reaches his ephiphany--as does the story--while gazing into the darkness at a baazar. If the baazar is initially opposed to religion, it is here explicitly likened to religion. The ending of the story is almost as ambiguous as its back-and-forth treatment of religion and romance. It is not figure out exactly what he has realized, nor is it clear whether there is a clear distinction between what is religious and what is romantic, between what is sacred and divine and what is worldly and base. But mayhap Joyce, in whom these two elements were equally confused, would have wanted it that way.

Gender Studies in Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights Essay -- Wuthering

Gender Studies in Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights Gender played an important role in the style of writing known as Gothic. Traditional stereotypes were often broken. Men were non continuously portrayed as dominant, strong, rational or masculine. Likewise, women were not always portrayed as weak, submissive, irrational, or feminine. This essay will take a look at the relationship between Catherine and Edgar Linton in Emily Brntes Wuthering Heights. We will take a look at how their characters are portrayed, how this affected their labor union, and how each character retained some of the traits attributed to their gender. Catherines character will be examined first, since she is one of the main characters in the book. Catherine was not your typical sweet, caring, sweet-flavored puny girl. Ellen describes her by saying, Her spirits were always at high-water mark, her tongue always going--singing, laughing, and plaguing everybody who would not do the same. A wild, wicked slip she wa s- (p.32), and, In play, she liked, exceedingly, to act the little mistress using her hands freely, and commanding her companions she did so to me, but I would not bear slapping and ordering so I let her know.(p.33). From these two descriptions of Catherine, it seems she was always testing her limits, not at all submissive. Even as a child she had a strong mind that would not easily be swayed. It is demonstrable that Catherine was dominant and even domineering, an example of this would be the way she continually ordered her playmates around and by resorting to physical abuse to get them to do what she wanted them to do. ulterior in the book Catherine described herself as a child by saying she was half savage, and hardy, and free(p.97). Edgars chi... ...ar gave up his judicial office, stopped attending church, and did not go anywhere anymore. So he assumed the wifes role by staying home and raising his child, and that was Catherines final show of dominance. Edgar and Catherine ha d a complex relationship. Each went into the marriage for different reasons. Edgar position he loved her but only loved an idealized version of her, and Catherine married him to help the man she truly loved, Heathcliff. He thought she was perfect, she thought he was weak and easy to control. Eventually, these idealizations faded away. Throughout their relationship, Catherine and Edgar switched gender roles. While they did switch roles, each one managed to keep traits that were attributed to their own gender at that time. Works CitedBerg, Maggie. Wuthering Heights The Writings in the Margin. New York Twayne Publishers, 1996.

Gender Studies in Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights Essay -- Wuthering

Gender Studies in Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights Gender played an important role in the style of writing cognise as Gothic. Traditional stereotypes were often broken. Men were not always portrayed as dominant, strong, rational or masculine. Likewise, women were not always portrayed as weak, submissive, irrational, or feminine. This essay will take a account at the relationship between Catherine and Edgar Linton in Emily Brntes Wuthering Heights. We will take a look at how their char telephone numberers are portrayed, how this affected their marriage, and how each character retained some of the traits attributed to their sexual practice. Catherines character will be examined first, since she is one of the main characters in the book. Catherine was not your veritable(prenominal) sweet, caring, angelic little girl. Ellen describes her by saying, Her spirits were always at high-water mark, her tongue always going--singing, laughing, and plaguing everybody who would not do the same. A wild, wicked slip she was- (p.32), and, In play, she liked, exceedingly, to act the little mistress using her hands freely, and commanding her companions she did so to me, but I would not bear slapping and ordering so I let her know.(p.33). From these both descriptions of Catherine, it seems she was always testing her limits, not at all submissive. Even as a child she had a strong mind that would not easily be swayed. It is obvious that Catherine was dominant and even domineering, an example of this would be the way she continually ordered her playmates around and by resorting to physical abuse to get them to do what she cherished them to do. Later in the book Catherine described herself as a child by saying she was half savage, and hardy, and free(p.97). Edgars chi... ...ar gave up his judicial office, stopped be church, and did not go anywhere anymore. So he assumed the wifes role by staying home and raising his child, and that was Catherines final show of dominance. Edgar and Catherine had a complex relationship. for each one went into the marriage for different reasons. Edgar thought he loved her but only loved an idealized version of her, and Catherine married him to help the man she truly loved, Heathcliff. He thought she was perfect, she thought he was weak and easy to control. Eventually, these idealizations faded away. Throughout their relationship, Catherine and Edgar switched gender roles. While they did switch roles, each one managed to keep traits that were attributed to their own gender at that time. Works CitedBerg, Maggie. Wuthering Heights The Writings in the Margin. New York Twayne Publishers, 1996.

History and Literature: Key to Passing the Let Essay

The University with the help of the Institute aims to produce globally competent teachers who argon expected to bear its name with pride and from whom it brook benefit through academic researches and innovations.This is the reason why strategies and techniques to increase the rate of LET passers are being planned and executed from time to time. Rigid and hearty general, major and professional education courses are formulated in order to attain this goal. Students who pass the packd minimum grade and those who pass the battery examinations are the only ones to be retained in the Institution to ensure quality graduates.Passing the LET and suitable a competent education graduate require a great deal of at least everything. It is known to many that teachers are jacks-of-all-trades and basic experience of mathematics, science, politics and current events is a determiner to becoming a teacher. Also, these determiners are not worth mentioning without emphasizing the importance of histo ry and publications.Teachers and future teachers are expected to have enough, if not wide, perception, grasp and understanding of literature since literature is a part of a teachers daily life. publications can be used for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training a child, as express by Saul of Tarsus in his second letter to Timothy (3.16).Literature fills a much-needed gap for teachers, according to the twentieth century educator and author of The Grecian Drama, Moses Hadas. These gaps which Moses refers to are gray areas that teachers should have much idea rough moral dilemma, relationship issues, attitudinal issues, etc. But since literature makes a thousand persons in an undivided (C.S. Lewis), it fills the gaps for teachers to have enough to say in their authentic lessons.Teachers and future teachers, aside from being authentic educators, are also expected to have something to say about history. Teaching learners to learn from the mistakes of history is what Huxley (Cas e of Voluntary Ignorance, 1959) tried to emphasize.History and literature work hand-in-hand. Literature is a product of history and history, a product of literature. Literature helps in the understanding of history and history gives way to the interpretation of literature. Therefore, knowledge of history is the key to understanding literature. It serves as a schema. It acts as a background.setting knowledge is a very important element in the assimilation of new information. It facilitates understanding and thrusts further learning. In any kind of learning, background knowledge is needed in one way or another.Graff mentioned in his book, Professing Literature (2007), that literature is history written in a viewpoint and that reprehension and history were aspects of a total activity of literary understanding.Facts stated above are driving forces that push the researchers to determine students performance and perception towards their study of Philippine History, Philippine Literature and World History in BSE.

Sustainability A Study Of World Leading Universities Environmental Sciences Essay

Universities, as Centres for developing trustworthy and knowing worlds, prep atomic number 18 pupils to react to the rational, societal, and personal challenges that they will confront in community. To this terminal, universities will take usage of assorted elections. In this respect, the inquiry which rises is to what extent the universe fetching universities take their environmental duty into consideration and how committed they argon to environmental sust personalability. This paper aimed to research this step up by analyzing the universe top 10 graded universities. The behold sample included Harvard University ( US ) , University of Cambridge ( UK ) , Yale University ( US ) , University College capital of the United Kingdom ( UK ) , Imperial College capital of the United Kingdom ( UK ) , University of Oxford ( UK ) , University of Chicago ( US ) , Princeton University ( US ) , Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( US ) , and California Institute of Technology ( US ) . The needed selective information was collected through the content analysis of the meshwork sites and one-year studies of the mentioned universities. Findingss of the paper showed that all the studied universities were involved in a figure of assorted environmental activities and were committed to their environmental duties. The findings of the paper can be a bench lollipop for other universities. Since the environment is an of result pillar of corporate societal duty ( CSR ) and unfavorable portion of sustainability, the findings have of import deductions for CSR policy of universities.Keywords Aw beness, environmental sustainability, university.IntroductionAll worlds have a moral duty to continue the planet and there is no alibi for making nil to better the environmental province of the Earth. This besides applies to establishments of high instruction ( Christensen et al. , 2009 ) . Organizations such as companies or universities are normally responsible for the terrible environm ental debasement we have witnessed ( Alshuwaikhat and Abubakar, 2008 Hoffman and Woody, 2008 Haden et al. , 2009 ) . Nowadays, higher instruction establishments can do important environmental impacts ( Jabbour, 2010 ) . Many of them, repayable to their big size, expressive interrogative of people and vehicles, high ingestion of stuffs, and strong development of complex activities, may be considered as little towns ( Alshuwaikhat and Abubakar, 2008 ) . Therefore higher instruction institutes have a great environmental duty toward society. This could be through preparation alumnuss with suited environmental cognition every bit good as environmental programs and plans to trim down down waste and preserve environment. Now, the inquiry which arises is how cognizant universities are toward their environmental duties toward society. To reply this inquiry, this survey will look into the issue among universe top 10 universities through reexamining their web site content and one-year studies. Although old surveies have been conducted in this country, they are chiefly instance surveies sing merely one university. This survey, nevertheless, considers 10 International universities at the same clip and attempts to come forth a general image of how cognizant and responsible universe top universities are toward environment. Since the environment is an of import pillar of corporate societal duty ( CSR ) and critical portion of sustainability, the findings of this survey have of import deductions for CSR policy of universities.ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN UNIVERSITIESSustainability is a form of election usage which meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to stretch forth into their demands. The chief thought of sustainable development is to accomplish the permanent satisfaction of human demands. environmental direction may be specify as the survey of all proficient and organisational activities aimed at trim down do wning the environmental impact caused by a company s concern operations ( Cramer, 1998, p. 162 ) . Although ab initio targeted for companies, this definition can besides be applied to service sector and universities. Universities apply assorted resources to supply quality instruction for pupils. This, in bend, will do impacts on the environment. Several simple illustrations of these impacts are electricity ingestion, production of waste and CO2 hike caused by day-to-day printing of big Numberss of documents. A figure of dimensions define environmental direction patterns ( AragI?n-Correa, 1998 Klassen & A Angell, 1998 Klassen & A Whybark, 1999 ) . As Cespedes-Lorente et Al. ( 2003 ) reference, Peattie and Ringler ( 1994 ) drew a differentiation among package and hardware environmental activities. Software activities are those focused on organisational issues such us systems, processs, audits and manuals, whereas hardware activities are concerned with technological alteration to cut down the environmental impact of the house . Environmental sustainability refers to the environmental actions or impacts of what we do. There are a figure of surveies sing the issues of sustainability and environment in higher instruction. A survey by Wright ( 2010 ) , examined how a cohort of university presidents and vice-presidents in Canadian universities conceptualize sustainable development, sustainable universities, the function universities play in accomplishing a sustainable hereafter, cardinal issues confronting the university, and the barriers to implementing sustainability enterprises on campus. They showed that although the bulk of participants were good versed in the construct of sustainable development, they were less familiar with the construct of a sustainable university. However, bulk of them were utilise to holding their university go more sustainable. The participants besides listed fiscal quandaries , deficiency of apprehension and consciousness of s ustainability issues amongst the university population , and a opposition to alter as the chief barriers in the way of sustainability. Pollock et Al. ( 2009 ) besides insisted that complex and uneffective administration, traditional disciplinary boundaries, and the deficiency of a shared vision at academic establishments frequently thwart university s advancement toward taking the universe to a more sustainable and desirable hereafter . Furthermore, a survey by Rauch and Newman ( 2009 ) in Yale University explored how an institutional mark can take to greater community action and long-run commitment than if no specific mark is established.MethodologySimilar to a related survey by Capriotti and Moreno ( 2007 ) , this paper used a content analysis methodological analysis to analyse the web sites of the top 10 universe universities ranked by Times Higher Education ( THE, 2009 ) . This research studied the content of the university functionary web sites and tried to place universi ties environmental patterns, processs and programs. To this terminal, we have reviewed all the related web pages of the universities ( including intelligence, media, section web pages, etc. ) and non merely direct links from the home page.The survey sample included Harvard University ( US ) , University of Cambridge ( UK ) , Yale University ( US ) , University College London ( UK ) , Imperial College London ( UK ) , University of Oxford ( UK ) , University of Chicago ( US ) , Princeton University ( US ) , Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( US ) , and California Institute of Technology ( US ) .FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONThe findings of this research shows that universe taking universities are in some manner or another involved in environmental patterns and committed to their environmental duty. Table 1 summarizes the diverseness of the countries which these universities are involved in.Table 1Environmental patterns of studied universitiesEnvironmental Practice12345678910Decrease of nursery gas emanationsiiiiiiiiiiDecrease in the usage of fossil fuels and increase in the usage of renewable resourcesiiiiiiiiiiWaste recycle and directioniiiiiiiiDecrease of H2O usageiiiiiiGreen edifices and environmentally responsible architectureiiiiiiiRuning an specialised environmental centre/ webiiiiiiiiiiDecrease of the environmental impact due to the usage of paperiiiiAddition of environmental consciousness among staff & A pupilsiiiiiiiiiiMinimization of environmental impact due to stuffs and services used by the universityiiiiiiiiMinimization of environmental impact due to goiiiCare of university sites in an environmentally sensitive manneriiiiiiGreen buying for university procuranceiiiii1 Harvard University ( US ) , 2 University of Cambridge ( UK ) , 3 Yale University ( US ) , 4 University College London ( UK ) , 5 Imperial College London ( UK ) , 6 University of Oxford ( UK ) , 7 University of Chicago ( US ) , 8 Princeton University ( US ) , 9 Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( US ) , 10 California Institute of Technology ( US ) .With the turning concern on clime alteration around the Earth, most of the universities are taking this issue into consideration. For case, Harvard University proctors and publishes its nursery gas emanations statistics across its assorted schools in North America campus. As shown in their study ( Harvard, 2008 ) , the university managed to wholly diminish its nursery gas emanation to the sum of -2.3 % in twelvemonth 2008 compared to twelvemonth 2006 in their North America campus. At Harvard, they besides notice the issue of green edifices through specifying Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) undertakings. As mentioned in their environmental study ( ibid. ) , LEED is a evaluation system for green edifices and provides a nationally true third-party confirmation that a edifice undertaking meets the highest public presentation criterions . Similarly, in University of Cambridge, a pupil web named A rchitecture sans Frontieres ( ASF ) considers the possibilities of a new socially and environmentally responsible architecture. Through talks and exhibitions, this web aims to acquire people believing about how edifices can react to the demands of society and the environment ( Cambridge, 2007 ) . Yale University besides has an office of sustainability where they run assorted undertakings such as LEED evaluation. Similarly, California Institute of Technology utilizes the LEED criterion to guarantee its edifices meet and keep a high degree of energy, H2O and resource efficiency. In another case, Imperial College London was recognised by the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers ( CIBSE ) for the attempts of the Facilities Management section to cut down its C production. Interestingly, University of Chicago has an interesting web site called green usher where they provide information related to wellness and environmental subjects at the University of Chicago and porti on tips with visitants on how to populate a greenish life ( Chicago, 2006 ) . The university besides provided eco-tip of the month in its web site. Overall, all the studied universities take their environmental duty earnestly and are involved in this respect.DecisionThis survey showed that universe taking universities are cognizant of their environmental impacts and have taken necessary stairss toward sustainability. Many of them have defined one-year programs with aims to accomplish. This can be considered as a benchmark for other universities around the Earth. However, the key to success of such programs is commitment from all degrees of direction especially top leaders. As discussed by Wickenberg ( 2006 ) and cited by Axelsson et Al. ( 2008 ) , the norm support given by the leaders of the universities is necessary and important to success in local effect of sustainability programs. This is supported by the research of Christensen et Al. ( 2009 ) who showed that in malice of foll owing an environmental policy and subscribing an understanding to work for sustainable universities, Aalborg University ( Denmark ) failed to make its aims due to the deficiency of committedness from top direction, the losing credence from proficient staff, and a narrow apprehension of the university s environmental impacts. Other universities and their leaders can benchmark these programs and civilization to form their ain sustainability and environmental programs.RecognitionThe first writer would wish to thank Universiti Sains Malaysia ( USM ) for back uping this research through supplying Vice-Chancellor Award.

Quality Associates Essay

feel Associates, a consulting firm, advises its clients about sampling and statistical procedures that can be used to control their manufacturing processes. In particular application, a client gave Quality Associates a sample of 800 observations taken during a time in which that clients process was operating satisfactorily.The sample standard excursus for these data was 0.21 hence with so much data, the population standard deviation was assumed to be 0.21. Quality Associates then suggested that random samples of size 30 be taken periodically to monitor the process on an ongoing basis. By analyzing news samples, the client could quickly learn whether the process was operation satisfactorily.When the process was non operation satisfactorily, corrective action could be taken to eliminate the problem. The design specification indicated the mean for the process should be 12. The hypothesis test suggested by Quality Associates follows. Corrective action allow be taken any time is rejec ted.The dataset Quality.sav contains each of four samples, each of size 30, collected at hourly intervals during the inaugural day of operation of the new statistical control procedure. Managerial report1. Conduct a hypothesis test for each sample at the 0.01 direct of significance and determine what action, if any, should be taken. Provide the test statistic and the p-value for each test.2. Compute the standard deviation for each of the four samples. Does the assumption of 0.21 for the standard deviation get on reasonable?3. Compute limits for the sample mean around such that, as long as, a new sample mean is within those limits, the process will be considered to be operation satisfactorily. If exceeds the upper berth limit or if below lower limit, corrective action will be taken. These limits are referred to as upper and lower control limits for quality purposes.4. Discuss the implications of changing the level of significance () to a larger value. What mistakes or error (ty pe I or type II error) could increase if the level of significance is increased?

Aboriginal Inequality

Social Inequality with Canadian primordials SOC 300 Dr. Kelly Train Milica Rados 500460778 Different ethnic backgrounds migrate to Canada making it a very multicultural society. Immigrants coming to Canada have made it progress to a more multicultural society, making other nations believe that this is the case, but this does not include native societies that have been living in Canada for the longest period of time. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how pristines live in Canada.This paper argues that aboriginals in Canada be not treated with the same equality as non-aboriginals livening in Canada, raze though Canada is known as a multicultural society. By study the history of aborigine settlement in Canada and intellectual their connection to the defeat thither is a better intelligence of why taking every stray their bolt down is a social issue. By taking over their republic their sense of connection to nature was taken a counselling which was a big part of the uncreated culture. This actord educational inequality and excessively the inequality they face within their workplace and the wages they receive.By canvas history, their culture, education and their current economic state it becomes more take why this is a social issue in Canada and how that takes away from the multiculturalism Canada is known for. Aboriginals, which include first nations people, were the first people of Canada however, the treatment they receive today shows otherwise. Aboriginal treaties, Westphalia Treaty of 1648, that were established in Canada in the mid-seventeenth century were used to harmonize discovery and conquest principles (Frideres, 2000).The cut that Aboriginals occupied was more than just agriculture to them, they tangle a connection with Mother Nature and they established roles in their families that helped them create a working community. Without even trying to understand how Aboriginals felt about their treaties and their land the British Com mon Law abolished Aboriginal land and tenure (Frideres, 2000). The British came into Canada operoseer, with weapons and technology that the Aboriginals did not know about or ever see and when they took over their land they had nothing they could do or say about it.The Aboriginal had no choice but to cooperate and let the land that they felt strong connections to be taken over. Losing a sense of connection to the land and having to watch one of the most important parts of their community being taken over cause further problems for the Aboriginal people. Due to the problems face up with settlement of British into Canada, Aboriginals have not had the same independence they had when they were living in Canada alone, they dont receive the same equality or freedom.According to symbolic internationalists the identity of a person cannot be determined without understanding the historical context of what the individual is innate(p) into. Socialization theory argues that individuals atomic number 18 born into groups and learn their culture and what they learn goes on to the next generations (Frideres, 2008). If a person born into Aboriginal social groups, their understanding of who they are comes from the group they are born into. Their parents teach them about the land and help them develop the same connection to nature that they feel.Aboriginal identity emerges from Aboriginal groups that are shaped by their sense of location (Frideres, 2008). Aboriginals have a strong connection to their land and nature around them and that is what they teach the next generation as stated before. Aboriginal people are the original occupants of the territory known as Canada and as such possess a special relationship to this infinite (Mills, 2006), and even though this is the case it does not mean that Aboriginals need to own all of Canada and all the land should be considered there.However, the land that they did occupy and did have should be left as is because their connection to the land is important to them. But that is not the case. Aboriginal people are an ethnicity abstracted from their distinct history and relationship to the land and to newcomers (Mills, 2006). They no longer get to own their land but at the same time they have to watch their land being taken over. everyplace time this sense of group, or community disappears. Generations can no longer teach younger generations about the importance of nature and therefore the history is belatedly lost.Since they lost their history and their connection to the land a lot of other parts of their culture and their beliefs was taken away as well. The primary(prenominal) issue faced was losing a sense of their culture. Canada being a multicultural society, allows for all people to practice their culture and they have the freedom to believe what they want. The aboriginals lost that right when their land was taken over. It was lost because they no longer owned their nature and it was taken over by technolog y and architecture, making them less united with the forest and the land that they lived in.By taking over the land they were as well forced to have to change their education. In grooms they were no longer allowed to learn Aboriginal culture. In 2002 by studying Canadian schools it was said that as many as 30 percent of elementary students and 40 percent of high school students did not speak even a little of their Native tongues (Schissel, 2002). The apprehension that this is the case can be because Aboriginal families shutdownped practicing their culture and heritage at home therefore distancing the children from understanding where they came from.That is not because they no longer wanted their kids to know the traditions or history of their ancestry, but it was simply because they lost the connection they had. After being forced to stop practicing aboriginal culture when the British settlement fist happened, they had to learn a new culture and therefore it was slowly lost sine it was forbidden. Therefore the main reason that such high numbers of Aboriginal students do not speak their native language is because the educational system in Canada fails to recognize and hold in indigenous knowledge (Schissel, 2002).Since it would be hard to incorporate all cultures existing in Canada it is acceptable that the language is not practiced in schools. However aboriginals laugher such an important role in Canadian history their culture should be incorporated in the schools more, especially in history classes involving in Canada. rough may argue that other cultures are not incorporated into the mainstream school system, but aboriginals are the main settlers of Canada and therefore they should be recognized and taught about. Others argue that there are alternative schools that will study traditional cultures.However according to Schisel (2002) this achievement of education would be laughable and would not be considered for a higher train of education such as cont inuing to university. Therefore they are forced to study the mainstream system if they wish to have a future in the Canada example wise. Not only did the Aboriginals sacrifice their language and culture, they often also encounter the additional hindrances of racism, prejudice, poverty, violence, and underemployment (Schissel, 2002) Underemployment that Aboriginals face is a serious social issue in Canada.The reason that this can be seen as a serious social issue is because Aboriginal peoples were titled as one of the four economically disadvantaged guide groups in Canada in the Employment Equity Act 1995 ( precept, 2001). This office that the Aboriginals cause overall views of Canada to go down. They can affect the overall economy in Canada because this means they suffer from poverty and unemployment bringing Canada down as a nation. The creation of the Indian in 1985 did not do any help with creating Aboriginals as equals and this political party is suffering to this day.Act Re gistered Aboriginal people in Canada are more likely than any other culture in Canada to be unemployed. They also have a lower education achievement and are considered more likely to be unemployed than anyone else in Canada (White, 2003). It is not just registered aboriginals that are suffering economically it is also the non-registered aboriginals as well. Overall all Aboriginal Canadians are disadvantaged when compared with the non-Aboriginal Canadian population. The amount of disadvantage, is measured by the characteristics of income we are examining, differs for the different categories of Aboriginal peoples (Maxim, 2001).The earnings of Aboriginal people is 10. 4 percent lower than non-aboriginal people in Canada (Maxim, 2001). Thinking about all the different cultures in Canada that number is high compared to the rest of the Canadian citizens. Aboriginal people, mainly concerning women are employed in low paying jobs and also are in less stable jobs (Mills, 2006). There are de uce main reasons that this is the case according the Mills (2006). The first reason he gives us is that Canadians limit the number of jobs offered for aboriginals.They limit the jobs that they are giving to women for example, therefore resulting in lower paid jobs. The second reason according to Mills (2006) is by putting Canadians in less desirable jobs. This causes a disadvantage for them and it creates segregation. Therefore by limiting their jobs to less desirable jobs they are being treated with inequality and suffer from segregation. The employment rates and unemployment rates suggest that Aboriginals in Canada are way more disadvantage and therefore signifying that Canada is not as multicultural as we believe it to be.In conclusion, it is apparent that Aboriginals are facing sociologically related problems living in Canada. Canada portrays itself as a multicultural society and even though the acceptance of immigrants has progressed a high amount in the years, what is ignored is the aboriginal societies that first colonised in Canada. Being the first nations people of Canada the recognition they receive should be much higher. Their history should be brought into schools and the be taught to not only Aboriginals but also other Canadian students because it is an important part of Canadian history.The language should not have been eliminated in the past and just like other cultures they should have authentic the same treatment being allowed to own their own land, and study their culture. If Aboriginal history was to be taught would create a better sense of acceptance for Aboriginal people and it would help them not forget their culture and their connection to the land. Not only should the history of Aboriginals be taught more, but their acceptance in the work place should be improved.The amount of jobs offered should be higher and the wages they receive should reflect the wages of the rest of Canadians. This would cause Canada to progress into the multicu ltural society they strive to be. This would cause other cultures to feel more of an acceptance and statistic wise Canada would progress as well. Based on the history of Aboriginals, their culture, the mainstream school system and employment rates aboriginals are suffering from inequality and it does impact Canada as a society. References Frideres, James S. 2000.Aboriginal Tenure in the Constitution of Canada. Canadian Ethnic Studies. 32. 2140. Frideres, James S. 2008. Aboriginal identity operator in the Canadian Context. The Canadian Journal of Narrative Studies. 28. 2313-342 Maxim P, White P, Beavon D, Whitehead P. 2001. Dispersion and polarization of income among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Canadians. The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology. 38. 4465-476. Mills, Suzanne E. 2006. Segregation of Women and Aboriginal People Within Canadas Forest Sector by Industry and Occupation.The Canadian Journal of Narrative Studies. 26. 1147-171. Schissel B, Wotherspoon T, Friesen J. 2002. The legacy of school for Aboriginal people education, oppression, and emancipation. Canadian Ethnic Studies. 34. 2129-131 Vivian J. 2006. With Good Intentions Euro-Canadian and Aboriginal Relations in Colonial Canada. Canadian Ethnic Studies. 38. 2181-183 White J, Maxim P, Gyimah S. 2003. Labour Force Activity of Women in Canada A Comparative Analysis of Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Women. The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology. 40. 4391-415.

Preparation and Reactions of Boric Acid

To prepare boracic deadly from sodium deteriorate (borax) To carry out demonstrates on the prepa cherry sample of boric acid To study the physical and chemical properties of boric acid Introduction group B is an element in the p-block of the periodic table. It has the electron configuration of 1s22s22p1 and is in chemical group 3 or coup 13 (PUPAS classification). In nature, it consists of two isotopes BIB (19. 6%) and BIB (80. 4%). Boron is bonded to the oxygen in nature. The important sources of Boron are borax and kerning.Boron sides and their derivatives are technologically important and are relatively inexpensive to produce. Boron oxides is very difficult to crystallite and normally exists in a glassy resign (d=l . CACM-1). Molten boron oxide has a high melting point of 450 degree Celsius that is readily dissolves metal oxides to form colored borate glasses as unitary of the main commercial uses of boric oxide. Particularly, borosilicate glasses find wide applications in glassblowing and the production of glass objects. On top of the boric acid, it is also known as hydrogen borate as a weak monobasicLewis acid. At room temperature, it exists as white powder or colorless crystals with a chemical formula of HOBBS or B(OH)3. Apparatus and materials Sodium deteriorate Concentrated hydrochloric acid Concentrated sulfuric acid Methyl red power Imitation Beaker Methanol Distilled water system voltaic heater Test tube Test tube rack Glass rod Suction funnel Suction pump tense up flask Filter make-up Spatula Watch glass Splint Procedures 1 . About log of sodium deteriorate (borax) is dissolved in CACM of water in a beaker. 2.The kind is boiled and CACM of concentrated hydrochloric is added into the dissolver. 3. The beaker is immersed into a container with ice and water to cool down the temperature. 4. After the solution is cooled down, the boric acid is crystallized out by employ the Boucher funnel, 2 layers of filter physical compositions, suction p ump and a filtering flask. 5. The remaining crystals in the beaker and on the glass rod are washed well with ice-cold water for a few times and filtered off with the Boucher funnel. 6. The coming back is left aside to be dried and the weight is measured and recorded.Test 1 1. A little boric acid is inserted into a test tube. 2. Small amount of distilled water is added to dissolve the acid in the test tube. 3. A drop of methyl red indicator is added. 4. Test tube is labeled as A. 5. Steps 1 to 3 are repeated again by replacing the acid with the imitation and the test tube is labeled as B. 6. Half of each solution in test tube A and B are mixed in a test tube labeled as C. 7. All results and observation are recorded. -rest 2 1. A small amount of boric acid crystals is inserted into a tyrant boiling tube. 2.A little ethanol is added into the boiling tube Just to cover the acid. 3. Some concentrated sulfuric acid is then added into the tube. 4. The boiling tube is held by a test tube holder and heated on a Bunsen burner. 5. The vapor produced is ignited by using a burning wooden splinter. 6. All observations are recorded. Discussion First and foremost, we managed to yield 4. Egg of HOBBS. harmonise to our calculation, the theoretical mass that we are supposed to obtain is 6. Egg. This means that our percentage of yield is 74. 64%. According to Vogues Textbook ofPractical Organic Chemistry, yields around 100% are called quantitative, whereas yields above 70% are good. This means that our team did quite a enormous Job. Boric acid is a Lewis acid that is able to interact with the water molecules to give out hydrogen ions and dehydrogenation ion in the solution. In test 1, the methyl red indicator is used to determine the acidity of the each solution in different test tubes. The indicator can show the pH range at around 4. 4 6. 2. At pH 4. 4, the solution with the indicator forget appear to be in red in color and whereas at pH 6. , it will show allow. On test tu be A, solution turns from colorless to pink color. This shows that boric acid is a relatively weak acid with pH around 4-5. Next on test tube B, the methyl red indicator is added into a imitation solution. The color of the solution seemed to remain unchanged. It is colorless. In fact, the solution is supposed to change from colorless to yellow. Perhaps, we accidentally made some mistakes by adding the wrong reactant in the experiment or we were a bit of too spate deciding the color of the solution without looking at it carefully.Thirdly, when we mix both he solutions from A and B, an intense pink solution is formed. This means that a stronger acid is formed. It can be simply explained by the stronger acid complex formed in between imitation and boric acid. The pH is less than 4 for sure. According to the test 2 results, a beautiful blue jet flare out is formed when we ignite the vapor with a burning wooden splinter. By mixing the alcoholic beverage (methanol) and acid (conch HOST S) will create ester (CHI)BIBB. An alcohol flame itself is usually, ordinarily colorless. The presence of the green in the flame is indicating the ester formed contains boron element.A strong acid alike(p) concentrated sulfuric acid is needed to propionate the HOBBS and this will create the electroplate which attacks the O atom of the methanol. Without the existence of a strong acid, an intense green flame might not be formed. This is because ester may not formed and even if it is formed, it will exist in equilibrium with the alcohol & boric acid. Thus, making the green flame not really intense. There are a few precautionary steps that should be taken during this experiment. Firstly, suction pump used in test 1 is powerful and thus, 2 layers of filter papers are seed to cover the holes of the Boucher funnel.From our experience, the suction pump will cause the filter paper to be torn if only a piece of filter paper is used. Furthermore, we shall always pour the solution slowly on th e rod, so that the solution will flow slowly without causing any wastage. By using this method, we can make sure the crystals are accumulated in the middle of the filter paper and it eases our Job to take out the filter paper from the funnel. On top of the safety, all acids are corrosive. In this experiment, we use concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated elliptical acid.We shall wear gloves and handle them with extra care to prevent and avoid any accident to occur. In addition, a tyrant boiling tube is used rather of a test tube in test 2 (flame test). A boiling tube can withstand strong heat without breakage. Test 2 (flame test) has to be carried out in the fume hood as the vapor released from the boiling tube is toxic. Therefore, we shall remain our distance with the vapor, although the green flame is beautiful. Last barely not least, we shall discard the excess boric acid into the waste bottle instead of basin as to prevent water pollution.

Life Of Omar Bin Al Khatab History Essay

History is the manifestation of adult priapic s will it changes its category when an ordinary adult male shows vastly blind drunk will power and that s how an ordinary adult male becomes a f equal. Omar Bin Al-Khatab was one such character. He seems to hold changed the class of history with his ain will. Omar is regarded as gratingly of import figures in history of Islam and the true designer of Islamic Empire. Historical histories prove him to be one of the sterling(prenominal) vanquishers, a wise and merely swayer and a adult male known for his simple life style and love of God.Omar become the 2nd Muslim swayer after decease of Muhammad and ruled for 10 old ages. He was a taking advisor to the Islamic prophesier MuhammadOmar was a great supporter and familiar of the Prophet Mohammed. Omar converted to Islam after 6 old ages of Mohammed s first disclosure and spent 18 old ages attach toing the Prophet. He succeeded the first calif Abu Bakr on 23 rd of grand 634 as the 2nd c alif and changed the historical building of Islamic history. Rising from the rank of a shepherd and a secondary merchandiser he became the true architecture of the Islamic civilisation. ( Wikipedia, 2011 )Early lifeHis female provoke s let tabu was Hantammah and male parent s name was Khattab ibn Nufayl, from the folk of Banu Makhzum. Omar was born to a in-between category household and when he was a kid his male parent put him to the chthoniantaking of croping camels. His male parent was a tough taskmaster, and Omar frequently recalled how his male parent beaten him up pitilessly whenever there was a error on his portion. It seems that Omar grew up as a typical Arab male child -a tall immature adult male with a robust build and impressive character.It is believed that among the Quraish of those yearss merely 17 people were able to read and compose and Omar was one of them. He was really intelligent and had a eminent personality, intellectually and physically every bit safe. H e was a unattackable public talker. By all available histories he seemed to be an mean Arab young person.At the same clip he was gifted with self-respect, a broad-mind and a strong sense of justness. He appeared to be a adult male of strong strong beliefs, a dandy friend, and a bad enemy. He was ever raise to stand up against the oppressor and recommend the cause of the weak. Later in his young person he took up the traditional profession of a bargainer. As a bargainer, he travelled extensively to Syria, Iraq, and Yemen, Rome and Persia and other topographic points every bit good. He was a good bargainer he made good money and developed a good geopolitical apprehension of the part every bit good while going. ( Islamic Point )Omar converted to Islam in 616, before that he was the fiercest opposition of Islam. Interestingly, he resolved to kill Prophet Mohammed to complete Islam wholly.He believed that the coming of tender religion of Islam will interrupt the integrity of Quraish . Omar was the nigh inexorable and really barbarous in oppressing Muslims.Converting to IslamIn the twelvemonth 616 Umar got converted to Islam. Once he read the poetries of Quran, he was so impressed by the deity of the poetries he accepted Islam on that really same twenty-four hours in forepart of the prophesier and his comrades. Omar s transition gave assurance to the Muslims and they felt powered. It was seen as the triumph of Islam, Muslims did nt toss supplications at al-harem mosque until Omar accepted Islam ( Abdullah bin Masoud, n.d. ) . Because of all this the Prophet himself gave him the rubric of Al-Farooq, one who distinguishes true from falsity.Now Islam was deriving popularity in 622 A.D. because of the increasing popularity of Islam in Medina, Mohammed ordered his followings to transmigrate to Medina. Omar besides went to Medina. Muslims lived peacefully in Medina for about a twelvemonth before Quraish ground forces attacked Medina.Omar played cardinal function in the conflicts between Quraish and Muslims. ( Encyclopedia )CaliphateHe succeeded the first calif Abu Bakr in 634A.D. and played a cardinal function in determining the history of Islam. Under him the Islamic Empire was expanded at a rate that could merely be compared to the great Roman Empire. His opinion abilities, administrative accomplishments and his intelligently coordinated onslaughts against the Persian Empire resulting in the conquering of the Iranian Empire, established him as a great military and political leader of the epoch.But it was non really easy for him to acquire things under control as he was non a popular figure because of his stringency and bossy nature. Abu Bakr s comrades ab initio discouraged the thought of Caliphate of Omar but Abu Bakr had other programs and he assured his high be comrades that one time Omar becomes calif he would be a changed adult male. Omar was really clear and did conveyed that he will be soft with them who followed the regulations and would be rough and ill-mannered with those who wo nt follow the same.He wanted the well being of the hapless and underprivileged because of his democrat policies he quickly gained popularity. ( Encyclopedia )Political and civil electric pigUmar s authorities was a unitary authorities Caliph had the supreme political authorization. His imperium was divided into independent and states. States were divided into territories. There were 100 territories in the soil of Umar. The Wali ( Provincial governors ) were the decision maker of these states, which were recruited by Umar. These were the policeman s place at the provincial degree was which were appointed by Omaror the provincial governorsKatib ( Chief writing table ) , Sahib-ul-Kharaj, ( Revenue Collector ) , Sahib-ul-Ahdath, ( Police head ) , Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal ( Treasury Officer ) and Qadi ( Chief Judge ) .In some of the territories there were separate military officers. The Commanding officer of the ground forces in most of the topographic points remained the same and that was the Governor ( Wali ) . Whenever the appointed anyone they used to make that all in composing. Nothing was without paperwork. When they were seeking to name or appointed Wali the instrument of counselings was made to the modulating behavior of Governors. ( Wikipedia, 2010 )Military enlargementOmar was one of the greatest decision makers of his epoch. Omar believed in consolidating his power and political influence. With the proper counsel of Umar, Islamic took a huge alteration and grew large clip as a really fast rate. He introduced several administrative reforms he made a Shura ( consultive ) council and sought advice from them on affairs of province personal businesss. He divided the immense Islamic imperium in different states and appointed a governor who was answerable to caliph. The Governors were supposed to assist in disposal and whosoever used their office to acquire rich was badly punished.As a Caliph, Omar was ready to accept and follow what was good in other civilisations as good. Wherever possible, he tried to larn from others and adopted the advanced techniques and administrative patterns of the conquered people as good. For illustration, when Persia was conquered, Windmills were in extended drill in Persia, Omar ordered the building of windmills in several Arab states, including Medina.For the first clip military was organized professionally and made a province section. Finance, accounting, revenue sweetening and exchequer sections were created for the first clip in the Islamic Empire. Police, prisons and postal units were established. ( Islamic Point )ReformsAgribusiness was promoted during his Caliphate. Irrigation system was reformed old canals were excavated and new 1s built. Large countries of land were brought under cultivation. Roadss were built and were on a regular basis patrolled. A traveller could travel with safety on the roads of the immense Islamic Empire.When Omar became the Caliph of Islam, most of the states economic system was based on bondage. Omar was the 1 who raised his voice against bondage. He took specific step to extinguish bondage every bit out-of-the-way(prenominal) as possible.The immense districts of Islamic Empire West Asia and North Africa were transformed into a free trade zone. Business brought prosperity. Omar understood the importance of instruction instruction was encouraged and instructors were paid good. The survey of Quran, Hadith, linguistic communication and literature and penmanship received backing from the Empire. Omar was himself a poet and an impressive speechmaker. He constructed Over 4,000 mosques during his Caliphate.Technology and new administrative patterns such as the building of windmills, formation of accounting section were encouraged. In the imperium new roads were laid out and old 1s were repaired. Omar organized a population nose count in the Empire following the illustration of the China.Muslim rules e xtended increasingly during the Caliphate of Umar, about 4000 mosques were constructed. He provided visible radiations to the mosques and superior framework to cover the Kaaba.It happened in the twelvemonth 638 that Arabia fell into drouth which was besides been so followed by a dearth. To do this alteration and to do it better Umar tried many things out of which 1 was hosting dinner every dark. It was approximately more than hundred 1000 people who used to come for the dinner every dark. Conditionss began to better in earlyish 639. When dearth ended so Umar went to see and steer the people. Not merely he guided but besides gave good sum, rations and besides exempted them from revenue sweetening ( zakat ) for that twelvemonth and the twelvemonth following it.Omer went for hadj in Mecca when he was assassinated. He was assassinated in response to the Muslim conquering of Persia, by a Iranian in 644. Character assassination of Umar was been assigned by Abu Lulu.The history of Omar s hows and explains many things. He was a adult male with great powers of head. He was really mischievous in doing justness and with inflexible unity.

Coconut Oil Essay

Edible embrocate colors atomic number 18 found in gigantic amounts in our daily diets hence adding up to a great amount of plunk downty acids in our system. Examples ar in our stews, some soups, several rice dishes, fried or grilled meat and fish. M both absorb thus perceived that oil has been the cause for several of the ailments that kick in plagued and lull plague our race, especi aloney centre of attention disease and different related cholesterol issues (Blonz, 1991).Nature gives the best source of oils, such as palm core and coco palm oil. Coconut oil was maligned as one of such oils by the American Soybean railroad tie (ASA), when the true cause was rather the vegetable oils in our food. Why was coconut oil the victim and what actually does coconut oil do? Coconut is scientifically known as Cocos nucifera.Coconut oil, fair one of the m any products from the coconut plant, comprises medium-chain enlargety acids (MCFAs) found also in breast milk, which strengthe n the poverty-strickendom of babies to diseases.Coconut oil is in two main types RBD (Refined, bleached and deodorized) coconut oil and Virgin coconut oil (the others that are often seen on the market are just versions of these two).The difference is characterized by the amount of touch on the oil undergoes.RBD oils are made from dried coconut meat, copra as Virgin oil is made from sporty coconut meat, non-copra. Another method for differentiating them is by their smell and taste (Fife, 2005). Virgin coconut oil is highly favoured due to its flavoured taste and sweet aroma in comparison to its counterpart, RBD oil which is bland. Coconut oil is referred to more often than not as the functional food by dieticians, since it possesses health benefits beyond its nutritional content.Diabetic and hypoglycaemic patients take at certain instances being prescribed coconut oil, based on scientific evidence that it gives the user energy, much more than those found in glucose or insulin , not fat as do the other oils (vegetable oils) we take in daily, which contain long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) which require the pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gall bladder, necessary for fat digestion. After breakage of the LCFAs, the individual fatty acids are then absorbed into the intestinal walls and converted into shrimpy fat bundles (lipoproteins). As the lipoproteins interpenet tramp the body through the blood, small fats are released from them, thus causing the fat that collects in arteries, clogging blood flow and thus leading to atherosclerosis and its kind.LCFAs are found largely in vegetable oils which we consume incessantly every day, in our meals, like our beef, chicken, some aloneter, corn and in almost palm oils. MCFAs on the other hand, are easily soluble in water so they are easily taken into the intestinal tract, needing very little activity from the enzymes and bile, thus travel corking to the liver through the portal vein as they bypass the lipoprote in formation stage. So, they do not circulate the blood as other fats do they just produce the needed energy for the bodys usage. This was proven by Applegate (1996) as essential for use by even athletes and some other professionals. due(p) to the easy ability of MCFAs to be digested, they tend to also improve the absorption of nutrients, taken with it.The inclusion of coconut oil in diets, enhances calcium, fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) and some of the B vitamins uptake by the body, this is workable by the coconut oil being able to quickly get into the bloodstream as it take less work done on it by the enzymes and other factors present. The coconut oil can be applied on the skin of patients or people whofind it difficult to ingest substances or have problems with their digestive tracts. Consumers of coconut oil have also testified that, it serves as a sort of weight manager. The underweight and undernourish have testified that it increased their weight considerably, as th e overweight and obese said they experienced loss in weight, all because the presence of coconut oil controls the rate of metabolism. Metabolism is evaluated by measuring energy expenditure, which is the rate at which calories are consumed.The MCFAs found in coconut oil, according to research has been seen to cure, even prevent the most infectious of diseases, making it difficult for fungal (ringworm, athletes foot and candidiasis), bacterial (ulcers, pneumonia and gonorrhoea) and viral (influenza, measles, hepatitis C) infections to follow in any condition in which they both exist. For this reason, many medical professionals have instilled the practice of adding coconut oil to their formulas. These sightings of the antimicrobial property of coconut oil, were first reported by Jon Kabara, Ph.D. in 1966, when trying to put to work food preservation problems. Parasites, such as giardia were also discovered to be affected by this bodily process of the oil. According to Fife (1996), the antimicrobial action undertaken by coconut oil, can be briefly explained based on the size of the trans fatty acid (medium) and its reaction when in man.The MCFAs in coconut oil (namely, lauric acid, capric acid and caprylic acid) are broken down to short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs (monolaurin, monocaprylin and monocaprin) only then, do they become activated in the digestive tract. severally SCFA has a specific function, thus they synergistically work together to destroy germs. As a result, studies are on the path to obtain the cures for the currently tormenting infirmities that we live with, AIDS and SARS, to name a few are still under the microscope, undergoing gruesome tests to see how best they can be eradicated. Truly nature is serving us with a panacea, but whether well take it depends on us.To further buttress on the attributed medical prowess possess by coconut oil, consider Porfirio (Paul) Sorse, a Filipino, who later turned an American because the Philippines were a U.S . territory and served as cook in the First land War. Paul was considered by many as a remarkable individual who lived by coconut oil. He was hailed by those living close to him as a physician, all because he miraculously cured many conditions with the application of coconut oil to the affected region, be it inborn or external. He was even approached by somepharmaceutical companies, all in search for his secret formula in making the oil, which he refused. Paul used the oil for every imaginable use as a lotion, in cooking, as a drug, for massages and the lot.Paul died at the ripe age of 102, not suffering any ailment, as he never smoked or drunk in his entire life but survived on coconut oil (Fife, 2005). Coconut oil can cure every ailment in this world though not yet completely proven with scientific facts for some of them. Many ailments have so far being treated with coconut oil and have been flushed out of the systems of the ill.though the list is quite lengthy, it contains man y familiar names, a few include aches and pains, acne, allergies, arthritis and stiff joints, asthma, athletes foot, atherosclerosis, bad breath and body odour, insect bites and stings, bladder infection, bacterial and viral infections, blisters, blood pressure, boils, bruises, cancer, candidiasis, cataracts, colds, liver disease, constipation, dandruff, diabetes, insomnia, indigestion, nose bleed, obesity, ulcer and wrinkles. As a medicine, coconut oil can also be included in diets to treat illnesses, that is serving as cooking oil or even just mixed with any food. It can also be applied on the skin as a lotion, hair pomade, massaging oil or suntan oil.The direct application of coconut oil to the skin, allows the body easily get nark to the nutrients for energy, as a result giving the skin the much sought smoothness that the ailment office have tampered with. In other words producing a more happy, healthy and beautiful handsome you free from any ailment as the immunity of the hum an is enhanced. These facts go a long way to negate the evidence provided, that coconut oil is the cause of heart diseases and explains why coconut lovers or coconut military capability communities live longer and experience at times no illness in their lives.REFERENCESApplegate, L. (1996). Runners World. Nutrition, (31), 26-27. Blonz, E.R. (1991, January 23). Scientists revising villain status of coconut oil. Oakland Tribune, p. 22. Fife, B. (2005). Coconut cures Preventing and Treating Common Health Problems with Coconut. Colorado Piccadilly Books Limited. Fife, B. (1996). Coconut Eat fat, Lose weight. Retrieved April 3, 2011 from the World Wide Web http//www.simplycoconut.com//

Hepatitis A power point

This virus is one of several types of hepatitis viruses that cause inflammation and affect your livers readiness to function. OHare most likely to contract this virus from contaminated foods or water or from close advert of someone else who is already septic. Defeatists A is primarily found in the feces of an infected person. Gyms Potts is spread from infected food workers to ready-to-eat food including deli meats. An also be spread to produce and lads and can be open in shellfish. Symptoms Most common symptoms -nausea -vomiting -diarrhea -mild fever -headache -fatigue Cafeteria a few days, the infected person may ramp up jaundice. Dichotomy may be mistaken for the flu. Comes sufferers, especially children, may exhibit no symptoms at all. These symptoms typically appear two to six weeks after start of contagion. Cities may return over the discovering 6 months. Is contracted by eating contaminated foods or by drinkable contaminated water.Food Source Fruits and vegetables big(p ) on eyelids where the water supply has been contaminated. DRaw or undercooked shellfish from contaminated waters, raw produce, contaminated drinking water, uncooked foods and cooked foods that are not reheated after contact with an infected food handler Ass prevented through and through proper hand washing procedures before cooking. Preventative Measures Owen traveling abroad, depending on place of travel or length of stay it is recommend to get a vaccine. Safety precaution when traveling in regions where hepatitis A outbreaks occur.Peel and wash all fruits and vegetables yourself and avoid raw or undercooked meat and fish. Apatites A is preventable through a vaccine. It is typically given in two doses. You receive your initial vaccination than a booster follow up 6 months later. Orrin bottled water and use when brushing your teeth. No bottle water is available you mustiness boil your water before drinking it. O There are NO treatments that will restore LTreating the condition is based on making you feel as comfortable as possible until the infection passes. Important to get plenty of rest, especially during the initial stages of the infection.

Japanese words for business

KaizenAdopted from Nipponese word, intending uninterrupted betterment, typically for fabrication and mention activities, and the use of kaizen anyway depend on how it been interpreted. By utilizing kaizen at the position of tint and workplace, it normally refers to go on betterment to all maps of concern, high from the executives or direction degree, down to the fiction line operators. Kaizen aims to minimise the outgo of resources by bettering standardize activities and maps.KanbanAdopted from Nipponese word, intending signboard or hoarding. It serves as a signaling system, and is usage to trip action at the conference line or store floor. In early old ages, kanban utilizations cards, plastic markers and golf balls to signal the demand of points or floor location line amount is running low, this trigger supply, motions, production of a unit in mill. Kanban finally become a really effectual manner to back up the whole production system for running smooth. It besides good in a dvancing betterments by cut downing measure of kanban in circulation highlighted job countries.Six SigmaSix Sigma is a smarter manner to pull off a concern or a section. Six Sigma puts the client best and uses facts and informations to drive better solutions.Six Sigma attempts mark three chief countriesI ) Bettering client satisfaction twain ) Reducing rhythm clipthree ) Reducing defectsImprovements in these countries normally represent dramatic live salvaging to concerns, all bit good as chances to retain clients, capture new markets, and construct a prise for top-performing merchandise and services.Although it involves mensurating and analysing an cheek s concern procedure, Six Sigma is non simply a quality enterprise it is a concern enterprise. Achieving the end of Six Sigma require more than little, incremental betterments it require discovery in every country of an operation. In statistical footings, making Six Sigma means that the procedure or merchandise testament exe cute with about no defects.Just-In-Time ( JIT )An stock list scheme for better the net income take place on the concern investing by diminishing in-process stock list and associated carrying costs. JIT relies on Kanban to function as an index finger signal to state production when to do the following portion. If it is implemented right, JIT stick out significantly better return of fabrication investing, quality, effectivity and efficiency.In JIT article of faith, stock list is waste and incurring cost, so the just-in-time stock list system focal point is holding the right stuff, at the right clip, at the right topographical point, and in the exact sum, without the safety cyberspace of stock list, this encourages concerns to extinguish stock list that does non counterbalance for fabricating procedure issues, and more emphasize to invariably better those procedures that require less stock list.Entire tone Management ( TQM )Entire grapheme Management is an sweetening to the trad itional manner to making concern. It is proved technique to vouch endurance in universe category competition. Merely by altering the actions of direction will the civilization and actions of an full organisation be transformed. TQM is for the most portion common sense. By analysing the three words,Entire Made up the whole.Quality Degree of excellence a merchandise or service provides.Management Act, art, or mode of handling, commanding, directing, and so forthTherefore, TQM is the art of pull offing the whole to accomplish excellence.TQM is defined as both a doctrine and a set of steering rules that represent the foundation of a continuously bettering organisation. It is the application of quantitative methods and tender resources to better all the procedures within an organisation and transcend client demands now and in the hereafter.TQM six staple constructs1. A committed and involved direction to supply long-run top-to-bottom organisation support.2. An firm focal points on th e client, both internally and externally.3. Effective engagement and use of the full work force.4. Continuous betterment of the concern and production procedure.5. Treating provider as spouses.6. Establish public presentation steps for the procedures.Computer Aided parade PlanningProcess planning of a portion or merchandise in fabrication, with the aided of deliberation machine engineering. It is closely link to CAD and CAM which provides informations and information for the planning of the procedure to be used to fable a designed portion. Procedure planning is finding the sequence flow of each fabricating operations that indispensable to bring forth a merchandise or portion. It is documented in a signifier of travel guidebook sheet consist of listing of production operations and assigned or related machine tools for an assembly or work portion.CAPP is defines as the systematic finding of fabricating methods and operation inside informations by which separate can be produced ec onomically and expeditiously from natural stuffs to complete merchandise.Two common types of system are-Variant/ retrieval System-Generative SystemA variant system retrieves a standard procedure program from a CAPP database and allows the contriver or applied scientist to modify it for the new portion. The database is organized by group engineering ( GT ) into households of parts with similar processing demands.A productive system uses a cognition base of regulations gathered from experts mechanics to make a single procedure program from abrasion.Initial Graphic Exchange Specification ( IGES )

Ethical Decision Making

Ethics-PHI 220 03/16/2012 dangerous decision Making possessup Case Study From Santa Clara University thither argon two types of surrogacy. One type involves a refilling generate who uses her take hold got egg and carries the fry for someone else. The other type is a gestational surrogacy in which the get has no inherited tie to the baby she carries. In the instance presented, a gestational surrogate is apply. A woman, after a bout with uterine undersidecer had a hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus). Before, its removal, however, she had several(prenominal) eggs distant for possible fertilization in the future.Now married, the woman wishes to absorb a electric s postulater with her preserve. seemingly she rotternot bear the baby herself, so the equalise utilizes a comp any to find a surrogate flummox for them. The husbands sperm is used to fertilize one of the wifes eggs, and is implanted in the surrogate experience. The meet pays tout ensemble of the womans pregnancy-related expenses and an extra $18,000 as fee for her surrogacy, and after all expenses are taken into account the couple pays the woman slightly $31,000 and the agency somewhat $5,000.Though the surrogate passed stringent mental testing to ensure she was competent to carry other couples child, after carrying the pregnancy to term, the surrogate says that she has become too attached to her child to bequeath it up to the couple. A legal passage of arms ensues. whole tone 1 Gather Relevant Information The Surrogate is carrying a baby that has no genetic ties to her. The Surrogate was paying(a) quiet well to do a assist and decides not to follow with with the service.The surrogate now decides to concur the baby and the money because she has grown to close to the baby. ill-use 2 slip of honourable problem According to Markkula center for applied ethics, justice means endowment each item-by-item what he or she deserves or, in more traditional terms, magnanimous each person his or her due. justice and fairness are closely related terms that are often now used interchangeably. There confine, however, in any sequel been more distinct arrests of the two terms.While justice usually has been used with author to a hackneyed of objurgateness, fairness often has been used with regard to an ability to infer without reference to ones olfactory meettyings or interests fairness has to a fault been used to refer to the ability to make judgments that are not overly superior general but that are concrete and specific to a peculiar(prenominal) lesson. In any case, a idea of desert is pivotal to both justice and fairness. (SCU)The most fundamental dogma of justiceone that has been wide accepted since it was commencement exercise defined by Aristotle more than two thousand years agois the principle that equals should be tough equally and unequals unequally. In its contemporary form, this principle is sometimes express as follows Individuals should be treated the same, unless they differ in ways that are relevant to the situation in which they are involved. (SCU) By the surrogate keeping this baby, she is going against everything that was in the agreement.This baby has no attachment to the surrogate it is the egg of the husband and wife who paid her to carry their child. In the United States it is illegal to pay a person for non-replenish qualified organs. The fear is that money leave behind influence the poor to harm their bodies for the benefit of the rich. Is at that place a correspond between this case and this law? Can go awaying surrogate mothers to be paid for their troubles allow poorer women to be crush? On their website, the AMA says that surrogacy shrinks when the surrogate uses her own egg, while permissible, should grant the birth other the right to void the slenderize within a reasonable period of time after the birth of the child. If the declaration is voided, custody of the ch ild should be determined according to the childs best interests. (SCU) However this is not the case with this couple, the couple used their own egg and implanted it into the surrogate so should the same rules apply? Step 3 Apply Ethical Theories and Approaches Ethical theory is divided into two main types or approaches in this case which are impartiality and duty ethics.Virtue ethics begins by considering what makes a person (or his/her character or motives) morally good (Aristotle, Hume). transaction Ethics focuses on rules or acts and what makes them right (Mill, Kant, Rawls). (Ethical Theory) According to the both theories the surrogate should come about over the child to the biological parents. This surrogate has no real ties to the child and was paid for a service and is violating a contract by not providing the child she was paid to deliver. Step 4 Exploring Practical AlternativesWith this particular case thither are not numerous alternatives. Option 1- being that the su rrogate keeps the child and returns all the money she was paid to do the service and the money put out for her medical bills. The surrogate could in like manner reimburse the couple for their time and heart ache. Option 2- The couple and the surrogate could go in movement of a judge and have the judge decide what is best for the child and the people involved, and what the outcome shall be. Step 5 recognise the Action This is the most grievous step in the ethical conclusion qualification exercise.This is where the actions are carried out. afterwards reviewing all the details and options for this case the most ethical thing to be do is for the surrogate mother to give the baby, who has no biological attachments to her back to the biological parents. The surrogate can keep the $18,000 she was paid for hire for her time and expenses, plus the money put out for all her medical expenses. kit and boodle Cited Justice and Fairness. Santa Clara University. Web. 17 Mar. 2012. . Et hical Theory. Web. .Ethical Decision MakingEthical Decision Making End of Life Submitted by Anthony Mcdew Ethical nursing armorial bearing Nurses are faced with ethical decision making on a daily basis. This could be both stressful and challenging. The following case study I chose to walk by dint of is Mr. Clarke is a patient who has advanced AIDS with related pain syndromes and is also participatingly abusing drugs. The apply is bear on about his abusing his pain medications and is not sure if she should give them to him as he leaves the hospital. It will be my presumption that this patient is nearing the end of their animateness.The value, be, do ethical decision-making model will provide the framework I withdraw to treasure this case study (Schaffer and Norlander). I also will be using ethical decision making tools to travel by my decision making process. What should I value? The first step of the value, be, do ethical decision-making model answers the question what s hould I value? It is time that I look deep into the meaning of my feeltime in regards to my professional nursing practice. What do I value in life? The meaning of life for me involves personal and professional respect for my patient and his physician in charge of his care.This involves respecting my patient and his situation. Also, trusting the prescribing Physicians command and training is something I value. Along with valuing respect I value quality end of life care for my patient. Every individual deserves a peaceful death with minimal pain and suffering if possible. To obtain this, I also indigence to value my relationship with my patient. Developing a trusting relationship is important for him and also me when dealing with uncomfortable conversations that whitethorn have to take place. Finally, I think that I value my bringing up and critical thinking skills.These skills are important to value because I will have to make a decision if I think my patient can handle taking hi s own pain medications on his own. My education and critical thinking skills will guide me to problem resolution that has the best outcome for the patient. Who should I be? not only is it important to understand what values impact my actions and decisions it is also important to make sure my actions reflect my values. The values I have make sure that I am an root on for my patients comfort as well as their safety.They also service me be an active and compassionate listener as well as a teacher. If I am a trusted person my patient will hopefully feel comfortable talking to me about his addiction. Finally, to ensure a quality end of life experience for my patient, I will stay educated on medication dosages, side effects, and other treatments for pain. By critically thinking, I should be able to educate my patient and tending communicate to the Physician about the patients concerns regarding pain addiction and pain control. What should I do?By taking into custody what I value and who I am I now should be able to fulfill my actions. First, I feel that I should take time to analyze the patients past medical history and medications that friended his pain. Second, I will review the pain medications with the Physicians to ensure I have a proper understanding of his or her plan. then(prenominal) I will review what is needed to provide quality end of life care with good pain control to a dying AIDS patient. After I feel that I have a great understanding of the situation it is time I listen and talk with my patient.Assure them that I am there as their urge on for safe and complete end of life care. This may ask me to act as a counselor or bring in interdisciplinary team members to supporter my patient. My number one goal is to provide safe end of life care but as painless and comfortable as possible. Analyze response to case study It is always challenging to give patients medications knowing that they may become, or have become habituated. In my current practi ce we see many patients who go to pain clinics and have pain contracts to help with their addiction and pain management.The difference is, my patients are not dying. Thirouxs universal ethical principles allow nurses to take time and review the ethical situation. In my case study, I personally feel the Mr. Clarke has the right to a peaceful death if possible. The problem is that the medications we are giving him may kill him first. Thirouxs principles allows for individual freedom and valuing life. My patient should have the freedom he involve to decide if the pain if worse or the addiction. Depending on how long he has to live, the addiction may be the least of his problems.I feel that I need to value his life and quality of life. Also, I need to understand that death most likely is going to happen. (Blackboard). Thirouxs universal ethical principles allow nurses to assess the client situation as well as the caring and justice model (blackboard). This model enhances how nurses fe el about ethical problems. Mr. Clarkes situations force me as his primary nurse to understand how to be an advocate for him and his situation. It also reminds me to use my compassion and virtue when caring and talking with him about his pain addiction.Finally, I have learned that solving or being part of an ethical dilemma can be easier on a nurse by incorporating spirituality. I think that by assessing Mr. Clarkes spirituality I may be able to help him with his addiction or suffering he is facing. Isaiah 434-5 says that Since you are uncommon and honored in my sight, and because I love you, I will give men in transform for you and people in exchange for your life. It goes on to say that we should not be afraid because divinity fudge is with us and will unite us together. This bible verses supports my belief that God is there for us as nurses and that he had a purpose for us.God gave us the power to support all situations. The verses also leads me to deal that the purpose of lif e is to help others physically, emotionally, or spiritually with whatever gifts you may have. I truly conceptualise that God gave me the guidance I need to make this ethical decision on how to help Mr. Clarke. I believe that with proper education and assessment of his pain protocol Mr. Clarke deserves to have pain relief. This can be done by having his medications monitored. However, they should not be withheld. God does not want suffering and either do I. Quality guidelinesDomains of end of life quality care. The domains of end of life quality care that apply to my case study include pain and symptom control, achieving a sense of control, and possibly strengthen the relationship with love ones. It is my goal to provide quality end of life care to Mr. Clarke. This includes symptom and pain management. By allowing him to have a sense of control with his pain medications he is able to help determine is end of life experience. Finally, by assessing Mr. Clarkes relationship with his fa mily I will be able to see if they can help him.There help could be support, symptom monitoring, and medication management. They also may be able to help him with alternative measures at times including guided imagery, music therapy, massage etc. Bill of last rights. Not only is it important to understand the domains of end of life quality care it is also important to retrieve the bill of last rights. These rights are consistent reminders of the rights dying patients have or basic human rights. Mr. Clarke has a right to control, to be comfortable, and the right to hear the truth.These rights remind me as his caregiver that he is part of this process as well as his medical care team. Even though I feel we cool it should prescribe his medications I also believe that he is entitled to know that he has become addicted and how to work through it. septet Promises. Another tool to use when assessing Mr. Clarkes case study would be reviewing the Seven Promises. The one promise that stand s out the most to me is never be overwhelmed by symptoms (blackboard). This includes never having to endure evoke pain, shortness of breath, or other symptoms (blackboard).This promise reminds me as his care giver that his care team needs to consistently be assessing his pain protocol and symptom management. The other promise that I feel would be beneficial to remember when caring for Mr. Clarke is make the best of everyday (blackboard). This allows the care team to remember that Mr. Clarke is an individual and each day we need to make sure we are helping him. Not only is it important to offer medications for pain management it is also important to offer alternatives. Each day as his nurse I can document what time of day his pain is worse, what stimulus increases and decreases pain.Every day, I can do my best to help him make the best of his day. Precepts of Palliative care. The last option I have encountered that I can to do assess my patients situation is to analyze the organizat ion. By reviewing the Precepts of care, I will be able to make sure the organization is not lacking in any areas that may help Mr. Clarke. This tools will allow us to make sure the organization is respecting the patients decisions, giving worldwide care, utilize resources of team members, address caregivers concerns, and analyzing the environment (blackboard).This can ensure that not only I am providing good ethical care to my patient, as well as the organization and medical care team. Actions/ reception After analyzing and utilizing all of the tools available to me I have decided that Mr. Clarke deserves to get his pain medication. He is actively dying and has the right to pain and symptom control. It is easier to monitor his addiction then his suffering. The Physician is prescribing only a certain quantity of medications at a time. This can help the care team to monitor his addiction.I believe that the situation would be different if the patient was not dying. I believe that with my strong understanding of my values I will be able to allow my actions to be appropriate. This will help guide me through what should I do? Ethical decision making is never an easy process. By having the proper tools, it can help medical care team members make a decision. It is my job to educate, counsel, support, and advocate for Mr. Clarke. I would need to be concerned with his medication addiction if he started to overdose.The case study said he is only having trouble with addiction. However, his medication management still needs to be closely monitored for this scenario. Ethical situations can change depending on the situation. I hold strong to by choice that Mr. Clarke needs his pain medications. acknowledgement Bethel College of Nursing Department (n. d. ). Bethel University NURS344 Blackboard Course modules 2010, St. Paul MN. Schaffer, M. , Norlander, L. (2009) Being present A Nurses resource for end of life communication. Indianapolis, IN Sigma Theta Tau International. .E thical Decision MakingEthics-PHI 220 03/16/2012 Ethical Decision Making Paper Case Study From Santa Clara University There are two types of surrogacy. One type involves a surrogate mother who uses her own egg and carries the baby for someone else. The other type is a gestational surrogacy in which the mother has no genetic tie to the child she carries. In the case presented, a gestational surrogate is used. A woman, after a bout with uterine cancer had a hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus). Before, its removal, however, she had several eggs removed for possible fertilization in the future.Now married, the woman wishes to have a child with her husband. Obviously she cannot bear the child herself, so the couple utilizes a company to find a surrogate mother for them. The husbands sperm is used to fertilize one of the wifes eggs, and is implanted in the surrogate mother. The couple pays all of the womans pregnancy-related expenses and an extra $18,000 as compensation for her s urrogacy, and after all expenses are taken into account the couple pays the woman approximately $31,000 and the agency approximately $5,000.Though the surrogate passed stringent mental testing to ensure she was competent to carry another couples child, after carrying the pregnancy to term, the surrogate says that she has become too attached to her child to give it up to the couple. A legal battle ensues. Step 1 Gather Relevant Information The Surrogate is carrying a baby that has no genetic ties to her. The Surrogate was paid quiet well to do a service and decides not to follow through with the service.The surrogate now decides to keep the baby and the money because she has grown to close to the baby. Step 2 Type of ethical problem According to Markkula center for applied ethics, justice means giving each person what he or she deserves or, in more traditional terms, giving each person his or her due. Justice and fairness are closely related terms that are often today used interchang eably. There have, however, also been more distinct understandings of the two terms.While justice usually has been used with reference to a standard of rightness, fairness often has been used with regard to an ability to judge without reference to ones feelings or interests fairness has also been used to refer to the ability to make judgments that are not overly general but that are concrete and specific to a particular case. In any case, a notion of desert is crucial to both justice and fairness. (SCU)The most fundamental principle of justiceone that has been widely accepted since it was first defined by Aristotle more than two thousand years agois the principle that equals should be treated equally and unequals unequally. In its contemporary form, this principle is sometimes expressed as follows Individuals should be treated the same, unless they differ in ways that are relevant to the situation in which they are involved. (SCU) By the surrogate keeping this baby, she is going ag ainst everything that was in the agreement.This baby has no attachment to the surrogate it is the egg of the husband and wife who paid her to carry their child. In the United States it is illegal to pay a person for non-replenish able organs. The fear is that money will influence the poor to harm their bodies for the benefit of the rich. Is there a parallel between this case and this law? Can allowing surrogate mothers to be paid for their troubles allow poorer women to be oppressed? On their website, the AMA says that surrogacy contracts when the surrogate uses her own egg, while permissible, should grant the birth other the right to void the contract within a reasonable period of time after the birth of the child. If the contract is voided, custody of the child should be determined according to the childs best interests. (SCU) However this is not the case with this couple, the couple used their own egg and implanted it into the surrogate so should the same rules apply? Step 3 App ly Ethical Theories and Approaches Ethical theory is divided into two main types or approaches in this case which are virtue and duty ethics.Virtue ethics begins by considering what makes a person (or his/her character or motives) morally good (Aristotle, Hume). Duty Ethics focuses on rules or acts and what makes them right (Mill, Kant, Rawls). (Ethical Theory) According to the both theories the surrogate should hand over the child to the biological parents. This surrogate has no real ties to the child and was paid for a service and is violating a contract by not providing the child she was paid to deliver. Step 4 Exploring Practical AlternativesWith this particular case there are not many alternatives. Option 1- being that the surrogate keeps the child and returns all the money she was paid to do the service and the money put out for her medical bills. The surrogate could also reimburse the couple for their time and heart ache. Option 2- The couple and the surrogate could go in fro nt of a judge and have the judge decide what is best for the child and the people involved, and what the outcome shall be. Step 5 Complete the Action This is the most important step in the ethical decision making process.This is where the actions are carried out. After reviewing all the details and options for this case the most ethical thing to be done is for the surrogate mother to give the baby, who has no biological attachments to her back to the biological parents. The surrogate can keep the $18,000 she was paid for compensation for her time and expenses, plus the money put out for all her medical expenses. Works Cited Justice and Fairness. Santa Clara University. Web. 17 Mar. 2012. . Ethical Theory. Web. .